Book: The proton's and neutron's internal structures: A simpler interpretation of modern nuclear measurements
By Andras Kovacs
To correctly interpret nuclear measurements, we strictly adhere to the foundational laws of Physics. We correct a few mistaken assumptions relating to these foundations, such as the blunder of electromagnetic gauges. We avoid paradoxical postulates, fantasy forces, fantasy particles, or curve-fitting parametrization. It turns out that an electron's and a proton's internal structures can be described through analogous approach, the main difference being the topology of their Zitterbewegung. Our methodology enables the calculation of proton's size, magnetic moment, and Larmor precession - we use only the proton mass as input parameter and avoid the introduction of any additional parameters or postulates. The match between the calculated and experimentally measured proton parameters is remarkable, and cannot be coincidence.
To understand the precise meaning of the proton-neutron difference, we survey relevant experiments. We also develop novel measurement methods; our experiments fill in a few missing gaps in the observation of nuclear phenomena. Numerous experiments converge to the same result: the neutron comprises a proton and a nuclear electron, whose mass is 1.554 MeV, and the binding energy of these two neutron components is 0.26 MeV.
The nuclear electron is unstable as a free particle, but becomes stabilized in the nucleus. Our work clarifies that all stable matter comprises three elementary particle types: electron, nuclear electron, and proton. Each particle type has a distinct Zitterbewegung topology.
At the end of this short journey, the reader is rewarded by understanding what comprises the matter we touch. As nuclear energy represents the highest known energy density, the rational development of nuclear technologies is critical for future progress. The correct knowledge of nuclear structures and interactions eventually becomes indispensable for nuclear technology development. To illustrate some new possibilities, we discuss examples of electromagnetically induced nuclear beta decay, and we present a simple experimental method which catalyzes nuclear alpha decay.